Which process involves the removal of all pathogens?

The process that involves the removal of all pathogens is sterilization. This method is designed to eliminate all forms of microbial life, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and spores, ensuring that surfaces, instruments, and materials are free from any viable microorganisms. Sterilization is often achieved through various means, such as autoclaving (using high-pressure steam), dry heat, or chemical sterilants, making it essential in medical and surgical settings where the highest level of cleanliness is crucial to prevent infections.

In contrast, the other processes listed do not achieve complete eradication of all pathogens. Cleaning refers to the removal of dirt and organic material but may not eliminate all microorganisms. Disinfection reduces the number of pathogens to a level deemed safe but does not kill all pathogens, particularly spores. Sanitization aims to lower the count of microorganisms to a level considered safe by public health standards, but it also does not eliminate all pathogens. Therefore, sterilization is the only method that guarantees the complete removal of all pathogens, making it the correct answer.